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Before there was money, there was debt

Every e c onomics textbook says the same thing: Money was invented to replace onerous and complicated barter systems—to relieve ancient people from having to haul their goods to market. The problem w it h this version of history? There’s not a s hr ed of evidence to support it.

Here anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom. He shows that for more than 5,000 years, since the beginnings of the first agrarian empires, humans have used el abo rate credit systems to buy and sell goods—that is, long before the invention of coins or cash. It is in this era, Graeber argues, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and cr editor s.

Graeber shows that arguments about debt and debt forgiveness have been at the center of political debates from Italy to China, as well as sparking innumerable insurrections. He also brilliantly demonstrates that the language of the ancient works of law and religion (words like “guilt,” “sin,” and “redemption”) derive in large part from ancient debates about debt, and shape even our most basic ideas of right and wrong. We are still fighting these battles today without knowing it.

Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a fascinating chronicle of this little known history—as well as how it has defined human history, and what it means for the credit cr isis of the present day and the future of our economy.

美国 著名 人类学 家和 无政府主义 者， 伦敦 大学 戈德 史 密斯学院高级讲师。他曾为《哈珀斯》、《国家》、Mute 杂志 、《新左派 评论 》等国家媒体供稿。大卫•格雷伯是伦敦 经济 学院 2006 年度马林诺夫斯基纪念讲座主讲人。该讲座为向重塑 研究 文化 的杰出 人类 学家致敬而设，每年举办一次。

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